Emotions serve to focus our attention on aspects of the world that help us thrive. They provide information about our interior world and about our relationships. For this survival function to operate optimally, we are highly sensitive to emotional signals in the environment. One person’s emotions are affected by others’. This effect is called “Emotional Contagion” and provides important insight into why we must and how to manage emotions for optimal results.
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在与家里,工作和社区中的人们的日常互动中,人们不知不觉地发送有关他们的感受的消息,同时收到他人发送的情感信息。最近的研究证明,这些情感线索会影响每个人自己的情绪,反过来,这些感觉会影响它们的表现。
情绪传染系统
Studies of mood and human behavior have shown that feelings spread from one person to another through a number of mechanisms. For example, factors of non-verbal communication including facial expressions, posture, and specific behavioral patterns have been linked to the transmission of emotional information between individuals [3, 4]. In addition, recent studies have shown that mood can spread through aspects of verbal communication such voice inflection [4].
In a recent study by Neumann and Strack (2000), participants were asked to listen to an emotionally impartial speech read by an actor using happy, sad, or neutral voice inflection. When later asked to rate their emotions, participants reported having emotions consistent with those of the speaker. Furthermore, when asked to rate their attitude toward the speaker, participants consistently liked the speaker with the sad voice least F (2,26) = 11.08, p < .001. (See Figure 1)
此信息引起了几个问题。首先,人类天生对他人的情绪有天赋的敏感性吗?一些科学家会说是的。新生儿已被证明可以物理模仿护理人员的面部表情。尽管某些人将其解释为本能的情感敏感性的指示[3],但其他人则认为我们对他人感受的敏感性会随着时间的流逝而发展,并得到了经验的调整和完善[1]。
小组中的情绪传播
随着业务,社交和个人环境中的明确应用,情绪传染已成为一系列重要的小组动态研究。2002年,耶鲁大学的Sigal Barsade研究了在小组背景下情绪传染的影响。在她的实验中,训练有素的演员被置于小组环境中,并指示参与小组的活动,同时制定不同水平的愉悦和精力。小组正在努力分配薪水奖金;他们有固定的钱可以花费,并且必须根据一系列绩效标准进行分配。活动完成后,要求参与者完成自己心情的自我评估。该研究的结果清楚地表明,一个小组成员的情绪的影响对其他小组成员的情绪产生了无意识的影响。对于“积极”和“消极”情绪[2],这既是真实的。
There are different opinions of the effect of positional power / authority on mood contagion. It may be that those with authority and those who are either liked or respected have a greater effect. What is clear is that leaders affect the group mood:
“在研究小组领导者对小组成员的情绪传染的影响的研究中,领导者的积极情绪对个人和集体层面的积极影响,对领导者负面情绪的影响相反。领导者的积极情绪也对团体协调和努力产生了影响”(Sy,Côté,&Saavedra,2005年,如Barsade&Gibson,2007年所引用)。
情绪的影响
鉴于情绪具有传染性,一个重要的考虑因素是情绪对性能的影响。一些作者专注于“积极”情绪对绩效产生积极影响的想法,但实际上有时“消极”的情绪是合适的。
In the Barsade study discussed above, a negative group member seemed disrupt the groups and reduce efficacy, while having a positive confederate was associated with increased cooperation, fewer group conflicts, and heightened task performance. Likewise, in a similar study, Alice Isen (1993) assessed radiologists, finding positive mood enhanced their accuracy. Positive mood has a far-reaching effect on work performance, supervision, decision-making, and even on team members voluntarily acting for the good of the organization [7].
另一方面,在某些情况下,“不良心情”更有效。例如,Elsbach和Barr(1999)发现,处于负面情绪的人使用更结构化的决策方法。它们的类似摘要如下所示:表1 [6]。
表格1:
摘自Elsbach&Barr(1999) |
结论:
鉴于情绪的功能可以帮助人类适应社交状况,因此一个人的情绪会影响他人的情绪是有道理的。正如牛群动物将受益于关于风险和回报的迅速传递信息一样,情感传染似乎适应人类在群体中起作用。该系统可以使机会和风险迅速沟通,调解团体互动,并帮助人类遵守社会规则和规范,例如保持与强大的盟友的和谐互动。
The evidence that an individual’s feelings affect others – and that these feelings in turn affect performance – ilustrates the importance of being aware of and managing emotions, especially for leaders, educators, salespeople, parents, politicians, athletes – really any person concerned with their influence on others.
一个挑战是,这种情绪交流可以在没有意识关注的情况下发生。换句话说,无论他们是否知道,人们都在影响他人。如果情绪智力允许人们监视和管理这种交流,那么发展情绪智力将提高人们与他人成功互动的能力。
作者:
约书亚·弗里德曼(Joshua Freedman)是六秒钟的首席运营官现金网赌钱网站 - 情商网络;苹果百家乐他是At the Heart of Leadership, 这SEI领导力报告,,,,and the组织生命体征气候评估。
参考:
[1] Bandura,A。(2002)。反思性移情:预测比以往任何时候都多。行为和脑科学,25,24-25。
[2] Barsade, S.G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior.行政科学季刊,47(4),644-675。
[3] Gallese,V。(2006)。有意的调整:关于社会认知及其在自闭症中的破坏的神经心理学观点。大脑研究,1079。15-24
[4] Neumann,R。和Strack,F。(2000)。“情绪传染”:人与人之间情绪的自动转移。人格与社会心理学杂志,79(2),211-223。
[5] Isen,A。(1993)。积极的影响和决策。在M. Lewis和J.M. Haviland(编辑)中情感手册(pp)。纽约:古利福德出版社。
[6] Elsbach,K。和Barr,P。(1999)。情绪对个人使用结构决策方案的影响。组织科学,10(2),181-198。
[7] Barsade,S.G。和D.E. Gibson(2007)。为什么在组织中影响物质?管理学院的观点,36-59。
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